I still remember the day when the streets of Kathmandu were filled with people, all gathered to catch a glimpse of the royal procession. The air was electric with excitement, and there was a palpable sense of unity among the crowd. It was moments like these that made me realize the profound impact the monarchy had on Nepal’s national identity. The monarchy, for all its complexities, was a symbol of continuity, tradition, and pride for many Nepalese. In this article, I will reflect on the positive aspects of the monarchy I have seen, drawing from its historical significance, its contributions to nation-building, and its potential role in modern Nepal. While the monarchy was abolished in 2008, recent pro-monarchy rallies and growing public dissatisfaction with political instability suggest that its legacy still resonates with many. This is not a call to return to absolute rule but rather an exploration of how the monarchy, particularly in a constitutional form, could serve as a stabilizing force and a custodian of Nepal’s rich cultural heritage.

Historical Overview of the Nepalese Monarchy

The history of the Nepalese monarchy is as old as the nation itself. It began in the 18th century with the unification of Nepal by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who brought together diverse ethnic and cultural groups under one banner. For over 240 years, the Shah dynasty ruled Nepal, navigating through various challenges. One significant period was the Rana regime (1846–1951), when the monarchy was reduced to a figurehead while the Rana family held power. In 1951, King Tribhuvan, with the support of a popular movement, restored the monarchy’s authority, ushering in a new era. His son, King Mahendra, took the throne in 1955 and introduced the partyless Panchayat system in 1960, centralizing power and laying the foundation for modern institutions. In 1990, King Birendra transitioned Nepal into a constitutional monarchy following mass protests, sharing power with an elected parliament. However, the royal massacre in 2001 and King Gyanendra’s controversial rule—including his dissolution of parliament in 2005—led to widespread unrest. In 2008, after a Maoist insurgency and political upheaval, the monarchy was abolished, and Nepal became a republic. Despite its end, the monarchy’s legacy as a unifying force endures in the hearts of many Nepalese.

The Monarchy’s Role in Unification and National Identity

One of the monarchy’s greatest achievements was its role in unifying Nepal and fostering a sense of national identity. Before Prithvi Narayan Shah’s conquests, Nepal was a patchwork of small, fragmented kingdoms. His vision of a unified Nepal created the modern state, and the monarchy became a central figure around which the nation’s diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups could unite. Even during the Rana regime, when the king’s power was limited, the monarchy remained a symbol of national sovereignty. In the 20th century, as Nepal opened to the world, the monarchy provided continuity and stability. For many, the king was more than a political figure—he embodied Nepal’s shared history and identity. This was evident during national crises, like the 2015 earthquake, when former King Gyanendra’s presence in relief efforts rekindled memories of the monarchy’s deep connection to the people. The monarchy transcended politics, serving as the heartbeat of Nepal’s collective spirit.

Contributions of Key Monarchs

Several monarchs left lasting legacies, but King Mahendra stands out for his contributions to nation-building. Ascending the throne in 1955, Mahendra was a visionary who sought to modernize Nepal while preserving its heritage. In 1956, he established the Nepal Rastra Bank, the country’s central bank, which stabilized the economy and reduced reliance on foreign currencies, particularly the Indian rupee. This was a bold step toward economic sovereignty. In 1959, he founded Tribhuvan University, Nepal’s first university, which became a cornerstone of higher education. His efforts to promote Nepali as the national language and his slogan “ek raja, ek bhesh, ek bhasa” (“one king, one country, one national dress”) aimed to unify Nepal’s diverse population. Though his authoritarian Panchayat system drew criticism, Mahendra’s reign undeniably set the stage for Nepal’s modernization.

Other monarchs also made significant impacts. King Tribhuvan is celebrated for ending the Rana regime and restoring democracy in 1951. His grandson, King Birendra, was admired for his humility and for ushering in a constitutional monarchy in 1990, though his life was tragically cut short in the 2001 massacre. Even King Gyanendra, despite his controversial tenure, is viewed by some as a leader who sought to maintain order during a chaotic period. These monarchs, each in their own way, shaped Nepal’s trajectory.

Cultural Preservation and International Relations

The monarchy was a steadfast guardian of Nepal’s cultural and religious traditions. Nepal’s rich diversity—rooted in Hinduism, Buddhism, and a tapestry of ethnic customs—found a champion in the monarchy. Kings like Mahendra and Birendra patronized traditional arts, festivals, and religious practices, ensuring that Nepal’s heritage thrived. The king was often revered as a divine figure, an incarnation of Vishnu, and royal ceremonies were woven into the fabric of national life. Festivals like Dashain and Tihar, closely tied to the monarchy, remain vibrant celebrations, reflecting the enduring influence of royal traditions.

Internationally, the monarchy elevated Nepal’s standing. King Mahendra, in particular, positioned Nepal as a leader in the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. By refusing to side with either the United States or the Soviet Union, Nepal preserved its sovereignty and avoided entanglement in superpower conflicts. This policy of non-alignment allowed Nepal to balance relations with its neighbors, India and China, while asserting its independence. The monarchy’s diplomacy helped Nepal emerge as a peaceful, neutral nation—a legacy that continues to shape its global identity.

Contemporary Political Climate and Pro-Monarchy Sentiments

Since the monarchy’s abolition in 2008, Nepal has struggled with political instability. Thirteen governments have come and gone in less than two decades, marked by coalition breakdowns, corruption, and inefficiency. The 2015 constitution, which established Nepal as a federal democratic republic, promised progress but has faced criticism for failing to deliver stability. Federalism, intended to decentralize power, has instead led to administrative confusion and financial strain.

Amid this turmoil, pro-monarchy sentiment has surged. In March 2025, an estimated 10,000 supporters rallied outside Tribhuvan International Airport to welcome former King Gyanendra, chanting “Come back king, save the country!” and “Long live our beloved king!” Similar demonstrations have erupted nationwide, driven by frustration over rising prices, unemployment, and poor governance. The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), a pro-monarchy group, has capitalized on this discontent, arguing that the monarchy could unify the nation. While Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli’s government rejects these calls, the growing support suggests that many Nepalese see the monarchy as a remedy to the republic’s woes.

The Potential of a Constitutional Monarchy

A constitutional monarchy offers a compelling vision for Nepal’s future. In this model, the king serves as a ceremonial figurehead, while elected officials hold political power—a system that has succeeded in nations like the United Kingdom, Japan, and Thailand. In Nepal, a constitutional monarch could provide continuity and unity, bridging divides in a politically fragmented society. With its deep cultural and religious roots, the monarchy could also preserve Nepal’s identity in a globalized world.

However, this would require careful implementation. The king must remain apolitical, and the constitution must clearly limit royal authority to prevent past mistakes. Drawing from successful constitutional monarchies, Nepal could create a system that honors tradition while upholding democracy—a balance that could address the current yearning for stability.

Personal Observations and Reflections

Growing up in Nepal, I saw how the monarchy fostered national pride and social cohesion. Royal events, like the king’s birthday or coronation anniversary, were joyous occasions that united people across ethnic and religious lines. These celebrations reinforced a shared identity and pride in Nepal’s heritage. The monarchy also supported cultural preservation, from funding festivals to maintaining historical sites like the Narayanhiti Palace.

Even after 2008, the monarchy’s influence lingers. Portraits of former kings adorn homes, and conversations about the monarchy often carry a tone of nostalgia. For many, it recalls a time of greater stability and unity, free from the political chaos of today. While we must not idealize the past, the monarchy’s positive impact on Nepal’s social fabric is undeniable.

Conclusion: Balancing Tradition and Democracy

The monarchy I have seen was not without flaws, but it was a cornerstone of Nepal’s history and identity. It unified the nation, drove modernization, preserved culture, and guided Nepal on the world stage. In today’s unstable climate, the idea of a constitutional monarchy offers hope—a way to blend tradition with democratic values. While the government resists change, the rising pro-monarchy sentiment demands attention. Nepal’s future may hinge on its ability to learn from its past while embracing the present. A constitutional monarchy, thoughtfully designed, could provide the stability and unity that Nepalese people seek, ensuring that the monarchy’s positive legacy endures.